Bot.origin: the dried
ripe of Carum carvi
F: Umbelliferae
Active constituent:
Tuesday 9 December 2014
Sunday 7 December 2014
2. Fennel fruit
Bot.origin:
the dried ripe of Foeniculum vulgare
F: Umbelliferae
Active constituent: Volatile
oil
Key
element (microscopically examination):
Medicinal Fruit 1. Anise fruit
Bot.origin:
the dried ripe of Pimpinella anisum
F:
Umbelliferae
Active constituent: Volatile
oil
Key
element (microscopically examination):
2. Liquorice
Bot.origin: The dried unpeeled root of glycyrrhiza glabra
F: Leguminosae
Active constituent:
Saturday 6 December 2014
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Medicinal Root & Rhizome 1. Ginger
Bot.origin: The
dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinal
F: Zingiberaceae
Active constituent: Volatile oil (gingerol)
Friday 28 November 2014
2. Cinnamon bark
Bot.origin: The
dried bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum
F:
Lauraceae
Active constituent:
Medicinal Bark 1. Cinchona bark
Bot.origin: The
dried bark of Cinchona succirubra
F: Rabiaceae
Active constituent:
4. Saffron
Bot.origin:
The dried stigma of Crocus sativus.
F:
Iridaceae.
Active
constituent:
1. Crocin (coloring matters
2. Picrocin (glycoside)
3. Volatile oil & wax
Key
element (microscopically examination):
Sunday 23 November 2014
3.Arnica flowers
Bot.origin:
The dried flower heads of Arnica Montana.
F:
compositae.
Active
constituent:
2. Clove flower
Bot.origin:
The dried flower buds of Egenia caryophullus
F:
Myrtaceae
Active
constituent: volatile oil (eugenol)
Medicinal Flower 1. Chamomile
Bot.origin: The
flower head of Anthemis nobilis & other species
F:
Compsite
Active
constituent:
9. Uva Ursi leaves
origin:
the dried leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Bot.
F: Ericaceae
Active constituent:
7. Eucalyptus Leaves
Bot.origin:
the dried leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus.
F: Myrtaceae
Active constituent: Tannin, volatile oil, eucalyptol.
Uses:
6. Henna Leaves
origin:
the dried leaves of Lawsonia alba & other species Bot.
F: Lythraceae
Active constituent:
1. Lawsone, coloring substance of naphthaquinone structure.
2. Tow coumarin derivatives, fat &
5. Guafa Leaves
Bot.origin:
the dried leaves of Psidium guava.
F: Myrtaceae
Active constituent: Tannin, essential oil, resins, flavonid, glycosides
&
aldawaa: 5. Tea Leaves
aldawaa: 5. Tea Leaves: Bot. origin: the dried leaves of Thea sinensis Linn. F: Theaceae Active constituent: 1. Alkaloids (M...
5. Tea Leaves
F: Theaceae
Active constituent:
1. Alkaloids (Methyl xanthenes):
Wednesday 12 November 2014
4. Hyoscyamus Leaves
Bot. origin:
the dried leaves and flowering top of Hyoscyamus niger linn .
F: Solanceae
Active constituent:
1. Alkaloids:
a. hyoscyamine
b. scopolamine
Key
element (microscopically examination):
Tuesday 11 November 2014
2. Digitalis leaf
Bot.origin: The
dried leaves of Digitalis purprea or Digitalis lanata
F:
Scrophulariaceae
Digitalis
purpurea Digitalis lanata
Active
constituent: Cardiac glycosides
Key element
(microscopically examination):
1. Senna leaf
F: Leuguminosae
Active constituent: Anthraquinone glycosides: sennosoides A and B
Key
element (microscopically examination):
Thursday 30 October 2014
Cephalosporin Antibiotics
Cephalosporins are the most frequently prescribed class of
antibiotics. They are structurally and pharmacologically related to the
penicillins. Like the penicillins, cephalosporins have a beta-lactam ring
structure that interferes with synthesis of the bacterial cell wall and so are
bactericidal (which means that they kill bacteria).
Aminoglycosides
In 1943, Selman Waksman, together with his co-workers,
discovered that a fungus Streptomyces griseus produced an antibiotic
substance which they named "streptomycin." Selman Waksman was awarded
the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1952 for his discovery of
streptomycin.
Macrolides
The macrolide antibiotics are derived from Streptomyces
bacteria, and got their name because they all have a macrocyclic lactone
chemical structure. The macrolides are bacteriostatic, binding with bacterial
ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. Erythromycin, the prototype of this
class, has a spectrum and use similar to penicillin. Newer members of the
group, azithromycin and clarithyromycin, are particularly useful for their high
level of lung penetration. Macrolide antibiotics are used to treat respiratory
tract infections (such as pharyngitis, sinusitis, and bronchitis), genital,
gastrointestinal tract, and skin infections.
Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines got their name because they share a chemical
structure that has four rings. They are derived from a species of Streptomyces
bacteria. Tetracycline antibiotics are broad-spectrum bacteriostatic agents,
which inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Tetracyclines may be effective
against a wide variety of microorganisms, including rickettsia and amebic
parasites.
Fluoroquinoloness
Fluoroquinolones (fluoridated quinolones) are the newest
class of antibiotics. Their generic name often contains the root
"floxacin". They are synthetic antibiotics, and not derived from
bacteria. Fluoroquinolones belong to the family of antibiotics called
quinolones. The older quinolones are not well absorbed and are used to treat
mostly urinary tract infections. The newer fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum
bacteriocidal drugs that are chemically unrelated to the penicillins or the
cephalosporins. Because of their excellent absorption fluoroquinolones can be
administered not only by intravenous but orally as well.
Cephalosporins
Cephalosporins have a mechanism of action identical to that
of the penicillins. However, the basic chemical structure of the penicillins
and cephalosporins differs in other respects, resulting in some difference in the
spectrum of antibacterial activity. Like the penicillins, cephalosporins have a
beta-lactam ring structure that interferes with synthesis of the bacterial cell
wall and so are bactericidal. Cephalosporins are derived from cephalosporin C
which is produced from Cephalosporium acremonium.
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