The appropriate dose of a medication for children

The appropriate dose of a medication for children can be calculated using various methods, depending on the drug, child's weight, age, or body surface area (BSA). Here are some common equations:

1. Weight-Based Dosage (mg/kg):

oral rehydration therapy

Oral Rehydration Therapy from dineshdr

ORS

ORS from Utpal Sharma

Peptic ulcer

Bicarbonate + mucous→Gel-like layer protecting the mucosa from the gastric juice.

Control of acid secretion:

1-Gastrin: peptide hormone synthesized in endocrine cells of stomach and duodenum. It stimulates acid secretion and blocked by Proglumide.

Excessive gastrin secretin resulted from tumors of gastrin-secreting cells(Gastrinomas= Zollinger Ellison Syndrome (ZES)

2-Acetylcholine: it increased acid secretion by stimulation muscrinic receptor on parietal cells(M3).

Case studies of asthma3

A 63-year old man presents to the emergency room (ER), suffers from severe dyspnea, coughing and difficult in breathing lasting for few minutes that had progressively worsened over the past two days. He is heavy smoker.Acute bronchial asthma( Status asthmaticus) was diagnosed.

Questions:

1-How this patient can be managed in ER?

Case studies of asthma2

Case 2:

A)-J.K, an eleven-year old 30kg female has a history of recurring cough & wheezing. These symptoms worsen upon running or when she has upper RTI. The symptoms seem to recur every few weeks. She not required hospitalization for these symptoms. There is a family history of asthma. A diagnosis of chronic asthma is given. Theophylline in starting dose is 400mg/d BID PO.

Questions:

1-What is the MOA of theophylline?

2-What are the instructions should be given to this patient?

 

 

B)-After few days J.K was admitted in emergency room with severe tachycardia, headache and difficulty in getting sleeping at night. When physician asked her, she forgets and takes theophylline TID instead of BID.

Questions:

1-What is your comment?

2-How can this patient be managed?

 

Case studies of asthma

Case 1:

A)-A.J is a 30-year-old woman has had asthma since the age of 5 years. Her current medications:

-Beclomethasone 500ug twice daily.

-Salbutamol 200ug when required.

Questions:

Clinical manifestations of asthma

-Recurrent bouts of coughing

            -     Shortness of breath

            -     Chest tightness

            -     Wheezing

Investigation:

Bronchial asthma

Asthma: is a chronic inflammation of airways, which is able for treatment and considered as one type of COPD.

 

Types of asthma:

Treatment of angina

A) Non medicinal treatment:.

• Slow down or take rest breaks.
• Avoid large meals and heavy meals
• Try to avoid situations that make you upset or stressed.

B) Medicines Treatment:.

Short acting:.

Drug	Dose	Duration of action
Nitroglycerine, sublingual	0.15-1.2mg	10-30 minutes
Isosorbide dinitrate, sublingual	2.5-5mg	10-60 minutes
Amyl nitrate, inhalant	0.18-0.3ml	3-5 minutes

Long acting:.

Drug	Dose	Duration of action
Nitroglycerine, oral sustained-action	6.5-13mg per 6-8 hours	6-8 hours
Nitroglycerine, 2% ointment	1-1.5inches per 4hours	3-6 hours
Nitroglycerine, slow release buccal	1-2mg per 4hours	3-6 hours
Nitroglycerine, slow release patch	10-25mg per 24 hours (one patches per day)	8-10 hours
Isosorbide dinitrate, sublingual	2.5-10mg per 2 hours	1.5-2 hours
Isosorbide dinitrate, oral	10-60mg per 4-6 hours	4-6 hours
Isosorbide dinitrate, chewed oral	5-10mg per 2-4 hours	2-3 hours
Isosorbide ,mononitrate oral	20mg per 12 hours	6-10 hours