Leaf stomata

Types of stoma

In the mature leaf, four significantly different types of stoma are distinguished by their form and the arrangement of the surrounding cells, especially the subsidiary cells (Fig. 2)

The Microscope Parts and Specifications

 

Fig1. Microscope

Tablets manufacturing

Tablet definition: it is solid dosage form contain drug substances with or without suitable diluents & prepared by compression or molding methods.

Steps of tablets manufacturing:

sterilization1

Definition: is the complete removal or elimination of all transmissible agent such as bacteria & virus from surface, a piece of equipment , food or biological culture, it used principally to prevent spoilage of food and other substance and to prevent the transmission of diseases by destroying microbes.

Methods of sterilization:

Sterile Preparation2

II) Ophthalmic preparation:

These are sterile preparation which is applied to the eye in the form of drops, ointment, suspension or ocuserts.

Sterilization the ophthalmic preparation by:

Sterile Preparations

There are pyrogen free preparations that are subject to sterilization:        

                          1. Parental preparation.

                           2. Ophthalmic preparation.

I) Parental preparation:

are aqueous or non aqueous, sterile and pyrogen free preparations administrated by injection into the body tissues.

Advantage:

Sterilization2

 II) Chemical methods: are chemical compound used as sterile compounds.

·       It is Bactericidal but at low concentration is bacterostatic.

·       Properties 1. Not toxic for human.

                 2. Soluble

                 3. Stable

                 4. Detergent & penetration capacity

                 5. Non corrosiveness.

Examples:

Good manufacturing practice (GMP)

Definition: The part of quality assurance aimed at ensuring that products are manufactured to a quality appropriate to their intended use.

Purpose of GMP:

1. Improve drug product quality.

2. Improve performance of manpower.

3. Improve image of Arab pharmaceutical industry.

4.  Lead to international