Leaf stomata

Types of stoma

In the mature leaf, four significantly different types of stoma are distinguished by their form and the arrangement of the surrounding cells, especially the subsidiary cells (Fig. 2)

The Microscope Parts and Specifications

 

Fig1. Microscope

Sterile Preparations

There are pyrogen free preparations that are subject to sterilization:        

                          1. Parental preparation.

                           2. Ophthalmic preparation.

I) Parental preparation:

are aqueous or non aqueous, sterile and pyrogen free preparations administrated by injection into the body tissues.

Advantage:

Sterilization2

 II) Chemical methods: are chemical compound used as sterile compounds.

·       It is Bactericidal but at low concentration is bacterostatic.

·       Properties 1. Not toxic for human.

                 2. Soluble

                 3. Stable

                 4. Detergent & penetration capacity

                 5. Non corrosiveness.

Examples:

Good manufacturing practice (GMP)

Definition: The part of quality assurance aimed at ensuring that products are manufactured to a quality appropriate to their intended use.

Purpose of GMP:

1. Improve drug product quality.

2. Improve performance of manpower.

3. Improve image of Arab pharmaceutical industry.

4.  Lead to international

Freeze Drying

Freeze drying (sublimation drying): consist of reducing the temperature and pressure to value below the triple point under these conditions any heat transferred is used as latent heat and the ice sublimes directly to the vapor state.

 Uses Of Freeze Drying:

The method is applied only to biological products:

a.  Antibiotics (other than penicillin)

b.  Blood products

c.   Vaccine such as